SMTP Pentesting Notes

Protocol Overview

Basic Information

• Port: TCP 25 (default), TCP 587 (submission), TCP 465 (SMTPS)

• Protocol Type: Application layer, client-server protocol

• Purpose: Email transmission between servers and clients

• Security: Base protocol is cleartext, can be encrypted with TLS

Protocol Components

1. Mail Transfer Components

   • MUA (Mail User Agent): Email client

   • MTA (Mail Transfer Agent): Server handling email routing

   • MSA (Mail Submission Agent): Initial mail acceptance

   • MDA (Mail Delivery Agent): Final delivery handler

2. Connection Types

   • Plain SMTP (Port 25)

   • SMTP with STARTTLS (Port 587)

   • SMTPS (Port 465)

Initial Enumeration

Port Scanning

# Basic scan
nmap -p25,465,587 -sV <target>

# Aggressive scan with scripts
nmap -p25,465,587 -sV -sC -A <target>

# All SMTP scripts
nmap -p25,465,587 --script smtp-* <target>

Banner Grabbing

# Using netcat
nc -vn <target> 25

# Using telnet
telnet <target> 25

# Using openssl for secure ports
openssl s_client -connect <target>:465
openssl s_client -starttls smtp -connect <target>:587

Authentication Testing

Testing Anonymous Access

# Basic SMTP connection
telnet <target> 25
HELO test.com
MAIL FROM: [email protected]
RCPT TO: [email protected]

Testing Open Relay

# Manual testing
telnet <target> 25
HELO test.com
MAIL FROM: <[email protected]>
RCPT TO: <[email protected]>
DATA
Subject: Test
Testing open relay
.
QUIT

# Using Nmap
nmap -p25 --script smtp-open-relay <target>

User Enumeration

VRFY Command

# Using netcat
nc -nv <target> 25
VRFY root
VRFY admin

# Using script
for user in $(cat users.txt); do echo VRFY $user | nc <target> 25; done

EXPN Command

nc -nv <target> 25
EXPN support-staff
EXPN all-users

RCPT TO Method

MAIL FROM: [email protected]
RCPT TO: [email protected]

Common NSE Scripts

# Run all SMTP scripts
nmap --script smtp-* -p 25,465,587 <target>

# Important individual scripts
nmap -p25 --script smtp-commands <target>     # List supported commands
nmap -p25 --script smtp-enum-users <target>   # Enumerate users
nmap -p25 --script smtp-open-relay <target>   # Test for open relay
nmap -p25 --script smtp-vuln* <target>        # Check vulnerabilities

Brute Force Attacks

Using Hydra

# Basic authentication
hydra -l user -P passwords.txt smtp://<target>

# Using known username list
hydra -L users.txt -P passwords.txt smtp://<target>

# Specific port
hydra -l user -P passwords.txt -s 587 <target> smtp

Using Metasploit

use auxiliary/scanner/smtp/smtp_enum
use auxiliary/scanner/smtp/smtp_version
use auxiliary/scanner/smtp/smtp_relay

SMTP Commands Reference

Command	Description	Example
HELO/EHLO	Initiate session	HELO domain.com
AUTH PLAIN	Authentication	AUTH PLAIN base64(creds)
MAIL FROM	Set sender	MAIL FROM: [email protected]
RCPT TO	Set recipient	RCPT TO: [email protected]
DATA	Start email content	DATA
RSET	Reset session	RSET
VRFY	Verify user	VRFY username
EXPN	Expand mailing list	EXPN listname
QUIT	End session	QUIT

Configuration Files

Server Configuration

• Postfix: /etc/postfix/main.cf

• Sendmail: /etc/mail/sendmail.cf

• Exim: /etc/exim4/exim4.conf

Security Files

• TLS Configuration: Often in main config

• Access Controls: /etc/postfix/access

• Relay Permissions: Defined in main configuration

Common Vulnerabilities

1. Misconfiguration:

   • Open relay

   • Weak authentication

   • Unencrypted transmission

   • User enumeration enabled

2. Version-specific:

   • Known CVEs

   • Default credentials

   • Buffer overflows

   • Command injection

3. Authentication Issues:

   • Clear-text authentication

   • Weak credentials

   • User enumeration

   • Missing rate limiting

Post Exploitation

Information Gathering

• Enumerate valid users

• Map internal network

• Gather email addresses

• Identify mail servers

• Check for sensitive data

Privilege Escalation

• Check for writeable directories

• Test for command injection

• Look for misconfigured permissions

• Search for credentials in configs

Response Codes

Code	Meaning
220	Service ready
250	Requested action completed
354	Start mail input
421	Service not available
450	Mailbox busy
500	Syntax error
550	Action not taken

Best Practices for Pentesting

1. Initial Reconnaissance:

   • Identify SMTP service version

   • Test for open relay

   • Check for user enumeration

   • Banner grab for information

2. Deep Enumeration:

   • Run vulnerability scans

   • Test authentication methods

   • Check relay configurations

   • Test for user enumeration

   • Verify TLS/SSL setup

3. Documentation:

   • Record all findings

   • Note server configuration

   • Document vulnerabilities

   • Save evidence for reporting

4. Risk Assessment:

   • Evaluate impact of findings

   • Consider data sensitivity

   • Assess exploitation potential

   • Recommend mitigations

Additional Tools

1. Swaks:

   swaks --to [email protected] --server <target>

2. smtp-user-enum:

   smtp-user-enum -M VRFY -U users.txt -t <target>
   smtp-user-enum -M EXPN -U users.txt -t <target>

3. Sendemail:

   sendemail -f [email protected] -t [email protected] -s <target>

4. Metasploit Modules:

   • smtp_version

   • smtp_enum

   • smtp_relay